A safe and certain way to rid the atmosphere of excess greenhouse gas could be to turn it into chalk, if this new research is anything to go by. The technique has been successfully tested by a British-led team at the world’s largest geothermal power plant in Iceland.
Scientists conducting a pilot study injected water containing thousands of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into deep wells sunk into volcanic basalt rock. In less than two years, the gas reacted with calcium, iron and other minerals in the rock to form a whitish, chalky material.
A pilot injection site at the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant in Iceland. A different process in nature involving the compressed microscopic fossils of long-dead plants achieves a similar result.
Carbon is locked in a mineral, calcium carbonate, familiar to teachers and schoolchildren and better known as chalk. Turning CO2 into a chalky mineral is a better option than pumping large volumes of the gas into porous rock underground, the traditional method of geological carbon capture, it is claimed. Experts have highlighted the risk of CO2 escaping back to the surface through fractures, or underground reservoirs being ruptured by earthquakes or human activity.
Scientist Sandra Snaebjornsdottir, from
the University of Iceland, holding a drill core loaded with whitish deposits of carbonate which was made by injecting the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into basalt rock.Until now it was thought that a major obstacle in the way of mineralising carbon was time, with previous studies suggesting the process could take hundreds or even thousands of years. But at the Hellisheidi plant, which uses volcanically heated water to provide power for Iceland’s capital, Reykjavik, it took less than two years for more than 95% of the injected carbon to solidify.
Lead scientist Dr Juerg Matter, associate professor in geoengineering at the University of Southampton, described this as “amazingly fast”. He added, “Carbonate minerals do not leak out of the ground, thus our newly developed method results in permanent and environmentally friendly storage of CO2 emissions.”
Researchers injected water containing thousands of tons of carbon dioxide into deep wells sunk into volcanic basalt rock and the end result was a whitish, chalky material. “On the other hand, basalt is one of the most common rock type on Earth, potentially providing one of the largest CO2 storage capacity. Storing CO2 as carbonate minerals significantly enhances storage security which should improve public acceptance of carbon capture and storage as a climate change mitigation technology. We need to deal with rising carbon emissions. This is the ultimate permanent storage – turn them back to stone.”
The pilot project, known as Carbfix, was started in 2012 with the aim of removing Hellisheidi’s CO2 emissions along with foul-smelling hydrogen sulphide, another by-product of geothermal power generation. The plant produces 40,000 tons (36,287 tonnes) of CO2 per year. Results from the Carbfix project are published in the latest edition of the journal Science.
