Scientists Develop A New Microscopy Technique That Is Analogous To Using A Glowing Rubber Ball To Image A Chair In A Dark Room
A team of researchers at the University of Texas at Austin have demonstrated a method for making super-resolution images of structures in biological material under natural conditions at a much higher resolution. The method may help shed light on how cells communicate with one another, and provide important insights for engineers working to develop artificial organs such as skin or heart tissue.
The work was carried out by researchers at Yale University, Purdue University, the University of Cambridge, the Jackson Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of Oxford.
The scientists, led by physicist Ernst-Ludwig Florin, used their thermal noise-imaging method to capture nanometer-scale images of networks of collagen fibrils, which form part of the connective tissue found in the skin of animals. Examining collagen fibrils at this scale allowed the scientists to measure key properties that affect skin’s elasticity, something that could lead to improved designs for artificial skin or tissues.
Taking crisp 3D images of nanoscale structures in biological samples is extremely difficult, in
part because they tend to be soft and bathed in liquid. This means that tiny fluctuations in heat cause structures to move back and forth, an effect known as Brownian motion.To overcome the blurriness that this creates, other super-resolution microscopy methods often “fix” biological samples by adding chemicals that stiffen various structures, in which case materials lose their natural mechanical properties. Scientists can sometimes overcome blurriness without fixing the samples if, for example, they focus on rigid structures stuck to a glass surface, but that severely limits the kinds of structures and configurations they can study.
Florin and his team took a different approach, adding nanospheres (nanometer-sized beads that reflect laser light) to their biological samples under natural conditions. Then, by shining a laser on the sample, they could compile superfast snapshots of the nanospheres viewed through a light microscope.
The scientists explain that the method, thermal noise imaging, works something like this analogy: Imagine you needed to take a 3D image of a room in total darkness. If you were to throw a glowing rubber ball into the room and use a camera to collect a series of high-speed images of the ball as it bounces around, you would see that as the ball moves around the room, it isn’t able to move through solid objects such as tables and chairs. Combining millions of images taken so fast that they don’t blur, you would be able to build a picture of where there are objects (wherever the ball couldn’t go) and where there aren’t objects (where it could go).
In thermal noise imaging, the equivalent of the rubber ball is a nanosphere that moves around in a sample by natural Brownian motion—the same unruly force that has bedeviled other microscopy methods. “This chaotic wiggling is a nuisance for most microscopy techniques because it makes everything blurry,” Florin says. “We’ve turned it to our advantage. We don’t need to build a complicated mechanism to move our probe around. We sit back and let nature do it for us.”
The original concept for the thermal noise-imaging technique was published and patented in 2001, but technical challenges prevented it from being developed into a fully functioning process until now.
The tool allowed the researchers to measure for the first time the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils in a network. Collagen is a biopolymer that forms scaffolds for cells in the skin and contributes to the skin’s elasticity. Scientists are still not sure how a collagen network’s architecture results in its elasticity, an important question that must be answered for the rational design of artificial skin.
“If you want to build artificial skin, you have to understand how the natural components work,” Florin says. “You could then better design a collagen network that acts as a scaffolding that encourages cells to grow in the right way.”
